.. _topics-item-pipeline:

=============
Item Pipeline
=============

After an item has been scraped by a spider, it is sent to the Item Pipeline
which processes it through several components that are executed sequentially.

Each item pipeline component (sometimes referred as just "Item Pipeline") is a
Python class that implements a simple method. They receive an item and perform
an action over it, also deciding if the item should continue through the
pipeline or be dropped and no longer processed.

Typical uses of item pipelines are:

* cleansing HTML data
* validating scraped data (checking that the items contain certain fields)
* checking for duplicates (and dropping them)
* storing the scraped item in a database


Writing your own item pipeline
==============================

Each item pipeline is a :ref:`component <topics-components>` that must
implement the following method:

.. method:: process_item(self, item)

   This method is called for every item pipeline component.

   `item` is an :ref:`item object <item-types>`, see
   :ref:`supporting-item-types`.

   :meth:`process_item` must either return an :ref:`item object <item-types>`
   or raise a :exc:`~scrapy.exceptions.DropItem` exception.

   Dropped items are no longer processed by further pipeline components.

   :param item: the scraped item
   :type item: :ref:`item object <item-types>`

Additionally, they may also implement the following methods:

.. method:: open_spider(self)

   This method is called when the spider is opened.

   .. versionchanged:: 2.18.0
      Added support for :exc:`~scrapy.exceptions.CloseSpider`.

   It may raise :exc:`~scrapy.exceptions.CloseSpider` to close the spider before
   it starts crawling, e.g. if a resource that the pipeline needs is
   unavailable.

.. method:: close_spider(self)

   This method is called when the spider is closed, before the
   :signal:`spider_closed` signal is sent.

Any of these methods may be defined as a coroutine function (``async def``).


Item pipeline example
=====================

.. _price-pipeline-example:

Price validation and dropping items with no prices
--------------------------------------------------

Let's take a look at the following hypothetical pipeline that adjusts the
``price`` attribute for those items that do not include VAT
(``price_excludes_vat`` attribute), and drops those items which don't
contain a price:

.. code-block:: python

    from itemadapter import ItemAdapter
    from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem


    class PricePipeline:
        vat_factor = 1.15

        def process_item(self, item):
            adapter = ItemAdapter(item)
            if adapter.get("price"):
                if adapter.get("price_excludes_vat"):
                    adapter["price"] = adapter["price"] * self.vat_factor
                return item
            else:
                raise DropItem("Missing price")


Write items to a JSON lines file
--------------------------------

The following pipeline stores all scraped items (from all spiders) into a
single ``items.jsonl`` file, containing one item per line serialized in JSON
format:

.. code-block:: python

   import json

   from itemadapter import ItemAdapter


   class JsonWriterPipeline:
       def open_spider(self):
           self.file = open("items.jsonl", "w")

       def close_spider(self):
           self.file.close()

       def process_item(self, item):
           line = json.dumps(ItemAdapter(item).asdict()) + "\n"
           self.file.write(line)
           return item

.. note:: The purpose of JsonWriterPipeline is just to introduce how to write
   item pipelines. If you really want to store all scraped items into a JSON
   file you should use the :ref:`Feed exports <topics-feed-exports>`.

Write items to MongoDB
----------------------

In this example we'll write items to MongoDB_ using pymongo_.
MongoDB address and database name are specified in Scrapy settings;
MongoDB collection is specified in a class attribute.

The main point of this example is to show how to :ref:`get the crawler
<from-crawler>` and how to clean up the resources properly.

.. skip: next
.. code-block:: python

    import pymongo
    from itemadapter import ItemAdapter


    class MongoPipeline:
        collection_name = "scrapy_items"

        def __init__(self, mongo_uri, mongo_db):
            self.mongo_uri = mongo_uri
            self.mongo_db = mongo_db

        @classmethod
        def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
            return cls(
                mongo_uri=crawler.settings.get("MONGO_URI"),
                mongo_db=crawler.settings.get("MONGO_DATABASE", "items"),
            )

        def open_spider(self):
            self.client = pymongo.MongoClient(self.mongo_uri)
            self.db = self.client[self.mongo_db]

        def close_spider(self):
            self.client.close()

        def process_item(self, item):
            self.db[self.collection_name].insert_one(ItemAdapter(item).asdict())
            return item

.. _MongoDB: https://www.mongodb.com/
.. _pymongo: https://pymongo.readthedocs.io/en/stable/


.. _ScreenshotPipeline:

Take screenshot of item
-----------------------

This example demonstrates how to use :doc:`coroutine syntax <coroutines>` in
the :meth:`process_item` method.

This item pipeline makes a request to a locally-running instance of Splash_ to
render a screenshot of the item URL. After the request response is downloaded,
the item pipeline saves the screenshot to a file and adds the filename to the
item.

.. code-block:: python

    import hashlib
    from pathlib import Path
    from urllib.parse import quote

    import scrapy
    from itemadapter import ItemAdapter
    from scrapy.http.request import NO_CALLBACK


    class ScreenshotPipeline:
        """Pipeline that uses Splash to render screenshot of
        every Scrapy item."""

        SPLASH_URL = "http://localhost:8050/render.png?url={}"

        def __init__(self, crawler):
            self.crawler = crawler

        @classmethod
        def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
            return cls(crawler)

        async def process_item(self, item):
            adapter = ItemAdapter(item)
            encoded_item_url = quote(adapter["url"])
            screenshot_url = self.SPLASH_URL.format(encoded_item_url)
            request = scrapy.Request(screenshot_url, callback=NO_CALLBACK)
            response = await self.crawler.engine.download_async(request)

            if response.status != 200:
                # Error happened, return item.
                return item

            # Save screenshot to file, filename will be hash of url.
            url = adapter["url"]
            url_hash = hashlib.md5(url.encode("utf8")).hexdigest()
            filename = f"{url_hash}.png"
            Path(filename).write_bytes(response.body)

            # Store filename in item.
            adapter["screenshot_filename"] = filename
            return item

.. _Splash: https://splash.readthedocs.io/en/stable/

Duplicates filter
-----------------

A filter that looks for duplicate items, and drops those items that were
already processed. Let's say that our items have a unique id, but our spider
returns multiples items with the same id:

.. code-block:: python

    from itemadapter import ItemAdapter
    from scrapy.exceptions import DropItem


    class DuplicatesPipeline:
        def __init__(self):
            self.ids_seen = set()

        def process_item(self, item):
            adapter = ItemAdapter(item)
            if adapter["id"] in self.ids_seen:
                raise DropItem(f"Item ID already seen: {adapter['id']}")
            else:
                self.ids_seen.add(adapter["id"])
                return item


.. _activating-item-pipeline:

Activating an Item Pipeline component
=====================================

To activate an Item Pipeline component you must add its class to the
:setting:`ITEM_PIPELINES` setting, like in the following example:

.. code-block:: python

   ITEM_PIPELINES = {
       "myproject.pipelines.PricePipeline": 300,
       "myproject.pipelines.JsonWriterPipeline": 800,
   }

The integer values you assign to classes in this setting determine the
order in which they run: items go through from lower valued to higher
valued classes. It's customary to define these numbers in the 0-1000 range.

A complete example
==================

The examples above show item pipeline components on their own. In a project, a
pipeline is one of four pieces that work together: the :ref:`item
<topics-items>` your spider produces, the :ref:`spider <topics-spiders>` that
yields it, the pipeline that processes it, and the :setting:`ITEM_PIPELINES`
setting that enables the pipeline.

The following example wires those pieces together to validate the price of
books scraped from `books.toscrape.com`_, reusing the ``PricePipeline`` from
:ref:`price-pipeline-example` above.

Define the item in ``myproject/items.py``:

.. code-block:: python

    from dataclasses import dataclass


    @dataclass
    class BookItem:
        title: str
        price: float

Yield instances of that item from your spider, e.g. in
``myproject/spiders/books.py``:

.. skip: next
.. code-block:: python

    import scrapy

    from myproject.items import BookItem


    class BooksSpider(scrapy.Spider):
        name = "books"
        start_urls = ["https://books.toscrape.com/"]

        def parse(self, response):
            for book in response.css("article.product_pod"):
                yield BookItem(
                    title=book.css("h3 a::attr(title)").get(),
                    price=float(book.css("p.price_color::text").re_first(r"[\d.]+")),
                )

Put the ``PricePipeline`` shown earlier in ``myproject/pipelines.py``, and
enable it in ``myproject/settings.py``:

.. code-block:: python

    ITEM_PIPELINES = {
        "myproject.pipelines.PricePipeline": 300,
    }

With these pieces in place, every ``BookItem`` that ``BooksSpider`` yields
passes through ``PricePipeline`` before it reaches the :ref:`feed exports
<topics-feed-exports>` or any other output.

.. _books.toscrape.com: https://books.toscrape.com/


.. _test-item-pipeline:

Testing an item pipeline
========================

To send the items from a single URL through your item pipelines, use the
:command:`parse` command with the ``--pipelines`` option::

    scrapy parse --pipelines "https://books.toscrape.com/"

To test specific item data instead, add a callback that builds an item out of
its keyword arguments:

.. skip: next
.. code-block:: python

    class BooksSpider(scrapy.Spider):
        # ...

        def parse_item(self, response, **fields):
            yield BookItem(**fields)

and pass those keyword arguments in the command line::

    scrapy parse --pipelines -c parse_item --cbkwargs '{"title": "Test", "price": 10}' "https://books.toscrape.com/"

Pass any URL that your spider handles; it is downloaded even though the
callback ignores it.


Common pitfalls
===============

The pipeline does not run
-------------------------

A pipeline component only runs if its class is listed in the
:setting:`ITEM_PIPELINES` setting, normally in your project's
:file:`settings.py` file (see :ref:`activating-item-pipeline`). Adding it to
the spider or elsewhere has no effect.

To confirm that Scrapy loaded your pipeline, look for a line like this near the
start of the crawl log::

    [scrapy.middleware] INFO: Enabled item pipelines:
    ['myproject.pipelines.PricePipeline']

If your pipeline is missing from that list, check that its import path matches
the :setting:`ITEM_PIPELINES` entry, and that the setting is not being
overridden, for example by :attr:`~scrapy.Spider.custom_settings` or by a
redefinition of :setting:`ITEM_PIPELINES` in :file:`settings.py`.

The item is not returned
------------------------

:meth:`process_item` must return the item (or raise
:exc:`~scrapy.exceptions.DropItem`). A common mistake is to modify the item but
forget to return it:

.. code-block:: python

    def process_item(self, item):
        ItemAdapter(item)["price"] *= 1.15
        # Bug: returns None, so the next component gets None instead of the item.

Return the item so that the next component, and the rest of Scrapy, can keep
processing it:

.. code-block:: python

    def process_item(self, item):
        ItemAdapter(item)["price"] *= 1.15
        return item
